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納米無機(jī)材料檢測項(xiàng)目報(bào)價(jià)???解決方案???檢測周期???樣品要求? |
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本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了連續(xù)相為液相的過濾與分離過程基礎(chǔ)及相關(guān)設(shè)備的構(gòu)造、性能通用術(shù)語。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于液固分離原理與過程,物料性質(zhì),預(yù)處理技術(shù)(包括增濃、澄清、沉降、氣浮、凝聚與絮凝、助濾技術(shù)等),過濾介質(zhì),后處理技術(shù)(包括洗滌,脫液等),膜過程;以及離心機(jī),分離機(jī),離心萃取設(shè)備,過濾機(jī),壓榨過濾設(shè)備,過濾器,膜過濾,氣浮設(shè)備,旋流器等機(jī)械、設(shè)備與零部件及有關(guān)操作過程控制、機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)等的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn);也適用于過濾與分離過程與設(shè)備的科研、教學(xué)等領(lǐng)域。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不包括實(shí)驗(yàn)室用離心機(jī)及氣體過濾器。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)描述了精細(xì)陶瓷(先進(jìn)陶瓷、先進(jìn)技術(shù)陶瓷)領(lǐng)域中使用的具有代表性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語及定義。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也列出了在科學(xué)技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)中被廣泛接受的一些縮寫詞以及與其相對(duì)應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語及定義。在包括精細(xì)陶瓷在內(nèi)的眾多技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中一些得到了普遍使用的術(shù)語沒有列入本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了納米無機(jī)材料抗菌性能的術(shù)語和定義、試驗(yàn)方法、試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)處理、檢測結(jié)果計(jì)算、檢測報(bào)告和注意事項(xiàng)等。 本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于納米抗菌粉末以及以納米抗菌粉末為抗菌功能組分(結(jié)構(gòu)單元)的材料,如纖維、織物、塑料、涂料和陶瓷等。其他材料的抗菌性能檢測也可以參照本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)介紹了利用表面分析技術(shù)能獲得的納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料的信息種類,并給出一些例子(見第4章)。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不僅指出了表征納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料時(shí)的普遍問題或難題,而且指出了使用特定方法時(shí)的特有途徑或難題(見第5章)。當(dāng)物體或材料組成部分的尺寸接近幾個(gè)納米時(shí),“塊體”“表面”和“顆粒”分析之間的差異就變得模糊不清。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)除明確了表征納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料時(shí)的一些普遍問題外,它明確了與納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料表面化學(xué)分析具體相關(guān)的問題。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)涉及多種分析和表征方法,但其仍是表面化學(xué)分析范圍內(nèi)的方法,包括俄歇電子能譜、X射線光電子能譜、二次離子質(zhì)譜和掃描探針顯微術(shù)等。納米顆粒表面性質(zhì)(如表面電勢)的某些類型測量常常是在溶液中進(jìn)行的,本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不涉及這部分內(nèi)容。盡管納米級(jí)厚度薄膜和均勻納米顆粒集合有很多相似之處,但表征它們面臨不同的難題。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舉例說明了既適用于薄膜又適用于顆粒或納米物體的表征方法。能確定的性質(zhì)包括存在的污染、涂層的厚度和加工前后的表面化學(xué)性質(zhì)。除明確能獲得的信息種類外,本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也概括了分析前或分析過程中必須考慮的普遍問題和特定技術(shù)問題,包括需確定的信息、穩(wěn)定性和探針影響、環(huán)境影響、樣品處理問題和數(shù)據(jù)的解釋。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)介紹了使用一系列特定的表面分析方法可獲得的納米材料信息,但這些信息從本質(zhì)上說不可能是完整的。然而,本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了重要的途徑、思路和問題,同時(shí)提供了很多參考文獻(xiàn)以便于根據(jù)需要對(duì)這些問題進(jìn)行更深入的分析研究。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了納米銀材料生物學(xué)效應(yīng)相關(guān)的理化性質(zhì)表征的通用方法,包括對(duì)納米銀材料平均粒徑及粒徑分布、zeta電勢、pH、紫外可見吸收光譜大吸收峰、總銀含量、銀的價(jià)態(tài)的檢測方法。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于納米銀粉末、納米銀溶液生物學(xué)效應(yīng)相關(guān)的理化性質(zhì)表征。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了抗菌牙刷的術(shù)語和定義、要求、試驗(yàn)方法、檢驗(yàn)規(guī)則、標(biāo)志、包裝、運(yùn)輸、貯存。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于刷毛或刷毛與刷頭使用抗菌材料加工制成的牙刷。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給出了采用XPS對(duì)基材上薄膜的分析報(bào)告所需的少信息量要求的說明。這些分析涉及化學(xué)組成和均勻薄膜厚度的測量,以及采用變角XPS、XPS濺射深度剖析、峰形分析和可變光子能量XPS的方式對(duì)非均勻薄膜作為深度函數(shù)的化學(xué)組成的測量。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了使用原子力顯微術(shù)(AFM)測量納米薄膜厚度的原理、測試條件、設(shè)備、樣品、測試步驟和數(shù)據(jù)處理。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于表面均勻、平整的納米范圍厚度的無機(jī)材料薄膜。較厚的和一些有機(jī)薄膜的膜厚測定也可參照?qǐng)?zhí)行。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了使用原子力顯微術(shù)(AFM)測量納米薄膜厚度的原理、測試條件、設(shè)備、樣品、測試步驟和數(shù)據(jù)處理。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于表面均勻、平整的納米范圍厚度的無機(jī)材料薄膜。較厚的和一些有機(jī)薄膜的膜厚測定也可參照?qǐng)?zhí)行。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)描述了對(duì)人造納米材料研發(fā)與使用的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行識(shí)別、評(píng)估、處理、決策和溝通的完整過程,以保護(hù)公眾、消費(fèi)者、從業(yè)人員以及環(huán)境的健康與安全。盡管本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出的產(chǎn)品監(jiān)管和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理全過程并非只針對(duì)納米材料,但是通過聚焦與納米技術(shù)有關(guān)的特定信息和問題,對(duì)公認(rèn)的方法提供了盡可能的補(bǔ)充。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給出了需要做風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理決策的信息指南,在信息不完整或不確定時(shí),如何通過合理的假設(shè)和適當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理操作進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還包含如何更新假設(shè)、決策和實(shí)踐,使其成為可用的新信息的方法,以及怎樣將信息和決策傳達(dá)給利益相關(guān)方的方法。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議各組織采用透明和可靠的方法管理納米材料。為此,本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)描述了對(duì)已有納米材料信息進(jìn)行組織、文件記錄和交流的全過程,包括確認(rèn)哪些信息不完整,說明怎樣解決信息的缺失,以及解釋風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理決策和行動(dòng)的依據(jù)。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了水處理用有機(jī)分離膜抗菌性能的測試方法。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于有機(jī)平板膜、中空纖維膜抗菌性能的測試,其他類型的有機(jī)分離膜可參考執(zhí)行。
本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了一種驗(yàn)證清洗消毒效果的微生物試驗(yàn)方法。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于對(duì)外科和麻醉器械等醫(yī)療器械進(jìn)行濕熱消毒的清洗消毒器,不適用于采用化學(xué)消毒方式且消毒對(duì)象不耐熱的清洗消毒器。
UL SUBJECT 2422.
Advanced technical ceramics - Terms, definitions and abbreviations; Trilingual version EN 14232:2009
This method describes the procedures to be followed and precautions observed when performing reproducible measurements of the quantum efficiency of luminescent nanomaterials.
This British Standard describes information and guidance on testmethods for the analysis of industrial and other waters which areapplicable outside of a conventional laboratory as either in situon?site tests; or the use of a close suitable designated room/areatesting facility. For some tests this could include dedicated spacein a designated vehicle or caravan. These test methods can relateto compliance, water quality and process control purposes. Norecommendation is given as to which test is applicable to a particulartype of water, nor is it implied that in any given case all tests or anyparticular suite of tests are necessary. The selection of tests depends onlocal requirements and conditions. Samples requiring preservation forsubsequent analysis are outside of the scope of this British Standard.Certain tests such as adsorbable organic halides (AOX), chemicaloxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogenneed a suitable designated test room/area facility and are notconsidered suitable for testing outside of these designated areas.Sample stability is not considered to be a significant problem as mosttest-kit measurements are carried out with minimal delay.Most of the methods described in this standard can be applicable foruse on clean or lightly polluted waters which might have undergonetreatment or been modified for industrial use. Typically, the types ofwaters for which the tests are intended include the following:a) boiler waters;b) cooling waters;c) waters from hot water systems;d) waters from air conditioning systems;e) waters from industrial air washing systems;f) potable waters;g) ground waters;h) surface waters;i) process waters; andj) swimming pool waters.Certain more heavily polluted waters can be routinely tested forcertain control purposes for specific determinands using the testmethods cited in this British Standard. Such waters include:1) sewage works influents and effluents;2) selected industrial effluents.Emergency screening analysis for major pollution incidents is notcovered (see commentary).The on?site methods outlined in this British Standard includetitrimetric, colorimetric and instrumental analytical techniques andalso includes consideration of commercial test-kits: their generalprinciples and formats available. It is generally accepted that in theUK, the vast majority of on?site measurements are carried out usingcommercial test-kits rather than user-devised test-kit type methodsfollowing similar equivalent method procedures to those used inconventional laboratories. Also the designated room/area testingfacility titrimetric methods described in Section 4 of this standardmight require staff with a greater degree of training than commercialtest-kit titrimetric methods which can be readily used outside of theseareas. These methods are less likely to be used by non?analysts thanthe more robust test-kit titrimetric methods.The technique used and principle of the designated room/area testingfacility titrimetric method are described within each test method andeach method is self?contained within a standard format.This British Standard does not apply to radioactivity, ecotoxicity (SeePersoone et al., 2000 [4]) or microbiological testing. Spot tests are notcovered (Jungris, 1997 [5]).Many of the relevant methods are suitable for analysis for the waterframework directive (see Note and SWIFT 2003 [6]), water for humanconsumption (see Note) and for monitoring of discharges to waterand sewer (EA, 2006 [7] and Dixon and Gardner, 1997 [8]).
This document is a vocabulary which provides a list of terms and associated definitions which aretypically used for advanced technical ceramic materials, products, applications, propertiesand processes. The document contains, in separate lists, those abbreviations which have foundgeneral acceptance in scientific and technical literature; they are given together with thecorresponding terms and definitions or descriptions.NOTE 1 This document does not include terms which, though used in the field of advanced technicalceramics, are of a more general nature and are also well known in other fields of technology.NOTE 2 A list of some European Standards, European Prestandards and Draft European Standards of CENTechnical Committee 184 “Advanced technical ceramics” containing terms defined in this document, is given in the Bibliography.
Details test and examination criteria for Type 1 clothes dryers for use with natural, manufactured or mixed gases, liquefied petroleum gases or LP gas-air mixtures.